Social loafing occurs when an individual offers less effort when part of a group. While all members of a group project are expected to share their efforts to achieve a common goal, the social slacker contributes less than he or she would if the project in question required independence. For example, suppose an advisor, a superior, assigns an employee to work on a project with a group of ten other advisors, to research new advising methods to help clients more effectively. Working independently, one could have broken down the potential research methods into steps and begun the first step in the research process. However, the project requires group efforts, it is necessary to delegate the research steps or delay the hopes of another. In 1983, Kerr found that male study participants were more likely to loiter than women. Gender roles can impact social loafing, but it's difficult to set a strong example without inadvertently addressing stereotypes or what individuals may consider stereotypes. Men and women may potentially exhibit and respond to social loafing differently, depending on an organization's ideals. In this case, these ideals might be more masculine or feminine, thereby triggering an influence on things like leadership tactics and organizational structure. Technology in an organization has changed the dynamics of group work. Groups can now be formed with individuals residing in different states and countries. In 2010, Alnuaimi, Robert and Maruping observed groups supported by technology and social loafing. These researchers proposed three key roots of social loafing: diffusion of responsibility, attribution of blame, and dehumanization (Alnuaimi, Robert, & Maruping, 2010). Building on their findings of social loafing in technology-supported groups, they anticipated that the study would prompt other researchers to examine this issue more closely and directors of technology-supported groups to deliberate and adjust accordingly. In 2009, a theory was presented regarding the social loafing of positive respect. The study exposed the social restriction that these theories share, contains the tendency to propose reason and make calculations about the conditions under which social loafing will occur. These philosophies of social loafing provide insights into why the entire outcome occurs. Furthermore, there was no basis for specifying which influences should curb social loafing in various circumstances..