Gatto uses the example of George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln who did not have twelve years of schooling and who did very well. In fact, he goes on to point out that the most famous Americans in history, like Edison, Carnegie, and Rockefeller, to name a few, became admirals (p. 302), without having attended school secondary. The main point Gatto seems to be making is that many historians have forgone twelve years of schooling and emerged well educated. Although Gatto emphasizes the historical point of view, Alfie Kohn uses previous research to get his point across. As Kohn explains, study after study has shown that students from elementary school through graduate school are less interested in learning the material as a result of grading. (p. 287) Additionally, efforts to get into college or graduate school depend on grades and GPA, placing more emphasis on achieving the highest grades and GPA, causing students' stress about getting an A rather than a B or C, fearing they will be rejected by a