English is a wonderful rainbow of parts of speech, as shown in the picture, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and more. English relies on a variety of nouns and verbs to communicate all types of messages. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essayA noun is one of the eight parts of speech used to name a person, animal, place, thing, quality. , a job title, a state and even an action: write. Nouns are the largest class of words used to name everything we know, have, see, hear, taste, smell, or feel. According to Jean Yates, nouns include words for people, such as man, teacher, friend; words for places, such as city, kitchen, street; words for things, like a ball, a tree, a computer, as well as words for things that we know exist but cannot touch, like an idea, air, pollution and strength. According to Constantin Paidos, some English words function only as nouns (i.e. lion, fog, courage) while other words can function as both nouns and adjectives (light, cold) or as nouns and verbs. Words that function as nouns and verbs fall into three categories. The first category is that of nouns and verbs that have the same spelling and pronunciation: copy – copy, respond – respond, dance – dance, drink – drink, end – to finish, help – help, kiss – for kiss, stop – to stop, wish – to wish etc. The second is that of nouns and verbs which have a different pronunciation (and sometimes a different spelling): fv belief – to believe, /s/-/z/ advice – to advise, /θ/-/ə/ fabric – to dress etc. The third category is that of nouns and verbs which differ in accentuation: 'export – exporter, 'permit – allow, 'rebel – re' bel etc. There are two main types of nouns: proper nouns and common nouns, the latter of which are further divided into countable and uncountable nouns. Proper nouns and common nouns Proper nouns are names given to beings, things, places or ideas considered unique and spelled. with a capital letter. These words can refer to: personal names (both first names like Diana and Chris, as well as last names like Popescu); nationalities (Japanese, British) languages ​​(English, Romanian, Spanish); titles (Mr John, Miss Deborah, Mrs Kerry, Dr Smith, Queen Elizabeth, Lord Byron, Sir Anthony Hopkins, Sergeant Jackson, Professor Bright); animals (Spot, Missy); calendar items (January, Monday, Christmas); geographical names such as: continents (Europe, Africa) countries (United States of America, Greece) rivers, lakes, oceans, seas (Black Sea, Danube, Lake Michigan) mountains (the Alps), etc. Celestial bodies (the Moon, Venus) Cardinal points, when not used geographically (North, West); Institutions (the European Union, the National Theatre, the British Museum); Newspapers, titles of books, magazines (the Guardian, Vogue , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes)Common nouns refer to all those nouns that do not name a particular person, thing, idea or place. They can refer to people (mother, aunt, baby, teacher, man etc.), things (chair, book, pencils, laptop, game), animals (cat, lion, alligator, dog, bird), places (park, city, country, pub), ideas and feelings (love, respect, hatred). Common nouns are not capitalized unless they are the first word in a sentence. Common nouns can be countable or uncountable, concrete or abstract and collective. WeWe will then develop these five types of common nouns.Countable and uncountable nounsAccording to Constantin Paidos, a noun is countable if: it has a plural form (girl – girls, table – tables); it can be preceded by the indefinite article a /un ( a cat, an argument); it can be preceded by How many or (a) some (How many pencils do you have?; My cousin has a few books); it can be preceded by numbers (a pencil box with three leaders ). A noun is uncountable if the opposite is true: it has no plural form (sugar, money, blood); it cannot be preceded by the indefinite article a/an (How beautiful it is!); it can be preceded by How much or (a) little (How much honey do you want?; My parents have little furniture); it does not cannot be preceded by numbers.The most common innumerable nouns in English relate to: liquids (water, oil, milk); gases (air, oxygen, steam); food (spaghetti, butter, soup, bread, cheese, cooking, food, meat, toast); abstract ideas (chaos, advice, education, entertainment, gossip, hospitality, information, knowledge, luck, news, nonsense, patience, progress, strength, tricks); subjects/areas (mathematics, art, politics, poetry, vocabulary); mass nouns (hair, transport, furniture, grass, money); grains and powders (sugar, rice, sand); natural phenomena (rain, snow, darkness, lightning, sun, thunder); sports (football, chess, poker) ;activities (reading, swimming, working, dancing, laughing, leisure, shopping, smoking, spelling, working); feelings (sadness, anger, courage, happiness, jealousy); states of being (adulthood, power, sleep, stress, security, stupidity, violence, wealth). ).Other common uncountable nouns that miss the basic classification above are: lodging, advice, business, capital (money), cardboard, cash, china, clothing, campaign, damage, dirt, evidence, flu, homework, works household items, jewelry, machines. , mud, music, permission, seaside, soap, traffic, transport, underwear and others. However, some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, depending on whether they refer to single objects or an object made from uncountable material. For example, the noun coffee is countable in the sentence I drink coffee every day because it refers to a cup of coffee, but it is uncountable in Would you like some coffee? because it refers to coffee in general. Just as truth can also be countable in "Fundamental Truths About Human Nature", where it means to believe, and uncountable in "There is no truth in what you say", where it refers to the quality to be true. Partitives There are many uncountable nouns. in English which can take the form of the singular or the plural, if they are accompanied by partitives. Partitives refer to a grammatical construction used to indicate that only part of a whole is being mentioned. According to Constantin Paidos, these names refer to:.a) Specific items or quantities: a chocolate/soap/metal bar; a blade of grass, a block of marble/ice/wood; a box of matches, a book of stamps, a breath of air, a bar/cake of soap, a cloud of dust, a crust of bread, an ice cube, a dash of soda, a drop of oil/rain/ water, a flash of lightning / a lightning flash / an inspiration, a grain of corn / earth / rice / sand, a head of hair / cattle / cabbage / lettuce, a pile of coal / earth / rubbish , an object / news / information, a pot of jam, a jet of water, a loaf of bread, a piece of coal / sugar, a knob of butter, a clap of thunder, a piece of wood / furniture / paper/glass/chalk/cotton/bread/advice/information/gossip/scandals/wisdom/knowledge; a pile of earth, a pinch of salt, a portion of food, a whiff ofsmoke/wind, a role of paper, a sip of tea, a piece of paper, a grain of dust, a slice of bread/cake/meat, a sheet of paper, a little soda, a stick of chalk, a wick of hair/wool;b) Containers: a barrel of beer, a basket of fruit, a bottle of milk/wine, a pack of cigarettes, a bottle of tea, a glass of water, a carafe of water , a cup of cocoa, a can of soup, a tube of dough, a vase of flowers;c) Games: a game of billiards / bridge / cards / chess / darts / tennis / volleyball ;d) Measurements: a gallon of gasoline, a length of cloth, a liter of oil, an ounce of gold, a pint of beer/milk, a pound of coffee, a spoonful of medicine, a yard of cloth;e) Types/species: a brand of soap, a kind of biscuit, a kind of fish, a type of drug, a variety of pasta, a brand of car, a kind of cake ;f) Abstract nouns: a little / a piece of advice, a little knowledge, a grain of truth, a fit of anger, a search, a shred of proof, a period of calm, a point of boredom, a period of work, a wink of sleep; g) Pairs: a pair of boots / shoes / suspenders / glasses / gloves / jeans / panties / pants / pajamas / scissors / shoes / shorts / socks / skates / skis / slippers / stockings / tights / clips / pants. Concrete and abstract nouns; collective nounsCommon nouns can refer to concrete or abstract things. Countable nouns can be concrete (like a girl or a book) or abstract (like an idea or a dream). Uncountable nouns can also be concrete (like milk or pasta) or abstract (like advice or love). Abstract nouns are names of qualities, conditions or actions, considered abstractly or independently of their natural connection. William Malone Baskervill and James Witt Sewell state that there are two main divisions of abstract nouns: attribute nouns, those expressing attributes or qualities, and verbal nouns, expressing a state, condition, or action. According to him, abstract attribute nouns derive from adjectives and common nouns, such as prudence from prudent, height from tall, blush from red, stupidity from stupid, or peerage from peerage, childhood from child, mastery from master, royalty of king. , etc.Abstract verbal nouns come from verbs and they can have the same form as the simple verb: a long run, a bold movement, a brisk walk; derived from verbs by changing the ending or adding a suffix: movement of movement, word of speaking, flight of thief, action of act, service of serving; or finally derived from verbs by adding -ing to the simple verb, but without confusing it with gerunds: words, awakening, marriage, feelings, etc. There are nouns that refer to a group of people, animals, things considered as a whole. These nouns are called collective nouns. They are divided into four large groups. The first group of collective nouns refers to people. Such collective nouns are: an assembly, a band of musicians/pilgrims, a class of pupils/students, a crew of sailors, a choir of singers, an army of soldiers, a band of thieves/workers, a group of dancers , a gang of ladies, a team of clerks/teachers/servants, a team of players, a gang of policemen, a gang of crooks, a bench of bishops/magistrates, a crowd of people or spectators, a company of actors, a troupe of artists/dancers/minstrels, orchestra, a pack of thieves, a horde of savages, a committee, a regiment of soldiers, a congregation of faithful, a host of angels, a panel of experts , a council, a board of directors, an audience of listeners, a tribe of natives, a crew of sailors, a flock of tourists, an enemy, a family, a group of friends,,.