Central venous pressure (CVP) is the pressure measured in the central veins located near the heart. It designates the mean right atrial pressure and is used recurrently as an estimate of right ventricular preload. “Central venous pressure does not accurately measure blood volume, although it is often used to estimate it. The value of central venous pressure is determined by the pressure of venous blood in the vena cava and the function of the right heart. It is not only affected by intravascular volume and venous return, but also by venous tone and intrathoracic pressure, as well as by right heart function and myocardial compliance” (Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, nd). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay “Underfilling and excessive distension of the venous collecting system can be recognized by central venous pressure measurements before clinical signs and symptoms become evident. . Under normal conditions, increased venous return results in increased cardiac output, without significant changes in central venous pressure. However, in cases of poor right ventricular function or obstructed pulmonary circulation, right atrial pressure increases, causing a subsequent increase in central venous pressure measurements. Comparably, it is possible for a patient with hypovolemia to have central venous pressure within the normal range due to loss of blood volume or generalized vasodilation which will lead to reduced venous return and a drop in blood pressure. right atrial pressure and central venous pressure. Richard E. Klabunde, 2014).“Central venous pressure can be measured either manually using a pressure gauge or electronically using a transducer. In both cases, central venous pressure should be zero at the right atrium. This is usually the level of the fourth intercostal space on the midaxillary line when the patient is lying supine. Each central venous pressure measurement should be made at this same zero position. Trends in sequential central venous pressure measurements are much more informative than single readings. However, if the central venous pressure is measured at a different level each time, this makes the trend of the measurements inaccurate” (Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, n.d.). Pulmonary artery pressure (PA pressure) is a measure of blood pressure. found in the pulmonary artery of the heart. “Pulmonary arterial pressure is generated by the right ventricle expelling blood into the pulmonary circulation, which acts as opposition to right ventricular output. With each ejection of blood during ventricular systole, pulmonary arterial blood volume increases, which stretches the artery wall. As the heart relaxes, also called ventricular diastole, blood continues to flow from the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation. Smaller arteries and arterioles serve as the primary resistance vessels and, through changes in their diameter, regulate pulmonary vascular resistance” (Richard E. Klabunde, The Pharmacologic Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension, 2010). Today, pulmonary artery catheters are placed on a holster. on a case-by-case basis taking into account the patient's condition and the qualifications of the staff. Conditions for use of a pulmonary catheter include severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema, patients with,”