In 2013, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Sudhof for their pioneering research on cell signaling pathways. Together, they were able to resolve many of the questions we had about how this precise cell-to-cell regulation is carried out. Thanks to their work, many scientists around the world can apply their findings in a variety of ways. Thanks to our extensive genomic studies, we have been able to sequence numerous genomes of various organisms. Through the research we have done, we have seen many similar genetic sequences between yeast and some human sequences, corresponding to our similar evolutionary ancestor. This has led many researchers to study the human condition by studying yeast as model organisms, as Randy Schekman did in order to “identify certain genetic controllers in the cell's transport system” (1). In his genetic studies, he investigated faulty transport mechanisms in yeast cells, which led to vesicles becoming congested in parts of that organism because they were not being transported properly. By precisely observing all the genes that were at play in this condition, he pointed to certain corresponding human genes. Using our understanding of how transport vesicles bind to plasma membranes to transport their cargo, James Rothman has identified protein complexes on target vesicles and membranes that mediate precise binding. Finally, Thomas Sudhof discovered certain calcium-binding proteins on nerve cells that are only activated when nerve cells release neurotransmitters to communicate with other nerve cells at specific times (Temporal Precision). The work of all of these scientists is truly remarkable and will have a profound impact on the future of medical research. A