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Essay / The Emergence of Environmental Justice in Literature
Over the past few decades, we have seen a gradual increase in the number of writers writing on issues related to environmental concerns. Until now, poets, fiction writers, and nature writers from different communities have either been ignored or misinterpreted when trying to raise their voices for environmental justice. All of this is changing today as we see a growing number of writers exploring issues related to environmental racism and environmental justice through their works. According to Adamson, these authors, now gaining popularity among ecocritics and environmentalists, require a different kind of reading. than established ecocriticism. The term Adamson uses to describe this difference is “environmental justice.” The term justice helps environmental justice activists distinguish themselves from white, middle-class environmental organizations, and also connect social justice issues like race, gender, class, etc. and environmental issues (Tarter 60). In Postcolonial Ecologies: Literatures of the Environment (2011), Deloughrey and Handley raise the question of why environmental concerns are often seen as distinct from postcolonial concerns (14). Similarities can be seen between them, as both are based on the concept of “otherness”. While postcolonialism tends to be people-centered, ecocriticism is nature-centered in its orientation. Although environmental justice is at the heart of ecocriticism, the method for practicing it is not yet well established. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice as the equitable treatment and meaningful participation of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income in relation to d. ..... middle of paper ...... in Silko's "Almanac of the Dead". MELUS 34.2 (2009): 25-42. JSTOR. Internet. August 17, 2013. Sinha, Indra. Animal people. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd., 2007. Print. Tarter, Jim. Reverend Environmental Justice and Native American Ecocriticism: The Middle Place, by Joni Adamson. Studies in Native American Literatures 14.2/3 (2002): 59-63. Print.U. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental justice. Internet. March 7, 2014.Verchick, RM Robert. “Feminist Theory and Environmental Justice.” New perspectives on environmental justice: gender, sexuality and activism. Ed. Rachel Stein. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2004. Print.Vital, Anthony. “Situating ecology in recent South African fiction: The Lives of Animals by JM Coetzee and The Heart of Redness by Zakes Mda.” Journal of Southern African Studies 31.2 (2005): 297-313. Print.