consumer of resources and producer of waste” (Campbell, 2006, p. 298). Economic sustainability, at a simplistic level, refers to when communities are able to maintain their financial independence. To an economic development planner, cities are seen as places of production and consumption, competing with other cities for industry and markets. Finally, social sustainability is when universal basic human rights and needs are accessible to all so that individuals can live harmoniously in a just society. The view of the social, or the "equity planner" as Campbell calls it, is that the conflict is self-sustaining in that the different social groups in the city compete with each other for opportunities, resources and services. “And although sustainable development aspires to offer an attractive and holistic way to escape these conflicts, it is not possible to get rid of them so easily.” (Campbell, 1996, p. 296) However, as Campbell explains, achieving balance is almost impossible, because if one corner prospers, it is often at the expense of the other two. He suggests that planners become mediators, drawing on their procedural and substantive skills, to guide the debate and reconcile these three conflicting interests. He also takes a rather negative stance towards planners, alluding to the fact that they are "considerably limited" by fiscal and professional constraints and that most planners live to serve the pockets and interests of bureaucracies and their customers. He then contradicts himself by saying that planners actually focus on things like providing better social housing and preserving green space, and he perhaps suggests that if their focus wasn't so narrow it would be more effective in achieving sustainability. “Justice” and “equity” are both included in the Irish Planning Institute’s definition of planning, reminding us that the profession is strongly linked to values and ethics. So while local government planners may often be constrained by finances, they make their judgments based on the common good, an ambitious notion that has its roots two thousand years ago in the writings of philosophers like Aristotle and Plato. . The common good suggests that planners work in a way that benefits the majority of stakeholders. In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was an important catalyst for utopian experimentation. The rapid urbanization and capitalism of this era, particularly in Europe and the United States of America, were accompanied by unprecedented challenges such as the degradation of the quality of life within communities due to the elongation working hours, insufficient wages, overcrowding and poor living conditions. In response to this, industrialists such as Charles Fourier, Titus Salt and the Lever Brothers identified the difficulties of their employees and decided to create new communities to reform their lives with better living conditions, access to services and facilities and a better overall quality of life. life for all. In addition to improving the relationship between society and the economy, other utopian visionaries have strived to improve the relationship between humans and the environment. (Kleniewski, 2006) One of these visionaries was Ebenezer Howard, whose garden city was one of the most influential planning models produced in the 20th century. Howard envisioned a better environment; a marriage of city and country. He believed that by combining the bestelements of each place, it would create an ideal community. Howard's Garden City had a dense, compact downtown with all the necessary amenities, civic spaces, and services, supplemented by clusters of smaller, polycentric suburban areas. Between these urban areas would be a green belt and areas of large open spaces used for agricultural, forestry, etc. activities. The formal nature of this framework makes it possible to put in place effective infrastructures. If parts of this approach were applied to today's cities, it could help solve many of the sustainability problems they face. It is very important to ensure that city centers are dense, mixed-use and used to their maximum potential. Agricultural or passive green belts are essential to curb urban sprawl. Urban vertical gardens, rooftop gardens and community gardens, greening of the public realm, active green spaces – all of these would help improve the liveability of a community. The architect Le Corbusier is another influential 20th century figure in the field of urban planning. He proposed the idea of a “radiant city” whose signature was skyscrapers surrounded by open green spaces crossed by the highway. “Le Corbusier argued that by increasing the number of people housed in a building, the area of land covered could be reduced and the amount of open space maximized, thus giving the city its green 'lung'.” (Kleniewski, 2006) Le Corbusier aimed to achieve efficient land use by increasing the density of each building and leaving an abundance of open space for recreational or agricultural activities. Even if none of these utopian visions could alone cure all the city's ills, they influenced certain practices of urban planners. In reality, however, urban growth and development was the result of a market-driven process, proliferated by cheap energy and the rapid growth of private cars as a symbol of wealth and as an affordable means of transportation during the first half of the 20th century. lead to inefficient urban sprawl. (Kleniewski, 2006, p. 365) Urban planning and design quickly adapted to the demand for automobile infrastructure required by suburban life and the rampant acquisition of land in agricultural areas, forests and other spaces open roads that became the norm as extensive road networks were built. The availability of the car meant that land use functions could be separated by single-use zoning, precipitating even lower residential and employment densities and making the private car the only rational means of transportation. As a result of this type of “free enterprise construction,” cities were not only “ugly” but also had a detrimental impact on public health and the environment. Planners, however, reacted to this situation, realizing that this was not a sustainable way of development. In an American context, English planners skilled in the construction of sanitary sewers were imported. Urban planners have also sought to address the aesthetics of the city by thinking about architecture and design in new ways. “The so-called City Beautiful movement strove to raise the standards of design in public spaces and to bring art into the consciousness of the ordinary citizen.” (Kleniewski, 2006, p. 367) This movement was adopted by many cities around the world in the early 1900s. These same reformers also called for planning to advocate for better living conditions, in.

Essay / consumer of resources and producer of waste” (Campbell, 2006, p. 298). Economic sustainability, at a simplistic level, refers to when communities are able to maintain their financial independence. To an economic development planner, cities are seen as places of production and consumption, competing with other cities for industry and markets. Finally, social sustainability is when universal basic human rights and needs are accessible to all so that individuals can live harmoniously in a just society. The view of the social, or the "equity planner" as Campbell calls it, is that the conflict is self-sustaining in that the different social groups in the city compete with each other for opportunities, resources and services. “And although sustainable development aspires to offer an attractive and holistic way to escape these conflicts, it is not possible to get rid of them so easily.” (Campbell, 1996, p. 296) However, as Campbell explains, achieving balance is almost impossible, because if one corner prospers, it is often at the expense of the other two. He suggests that planners become mediators, drawing on their procedural and substantive skills, to guide the debate and reconcile these three conflicting interests. He also takes a rather negative stance towards planners, alluding to the fact that they are "considerably limited" by fiscal and professional constraints and that most planners live to serve the pockets and interests of bureaucracies and their customers. He then contradicts himself by saying that planners actually focus on things like providing better social housing and preserving green space, and he perhaps suggests that if their focus wasn't so narrow it would be more effective in achieving sustainability. “Justice” and “equity” are both included in the Irish Planning Institute’s definition of planning, reminding us that the profession is strongly linked to values and ethics. So while local government planners may often be constrained by finances, they make their judgments based on the common good, an ambitious notion that has its roots two thousand years ago in the writings of philosophers like Aristotle and Plato. . The common good suggests that planners work in a way that benefits the majority of stakeholders. In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was an important catalyst for utopian experimentation. The rapid urbanization and capitalism of this era, particularly in Europe and the United States of America, were accompanied by unprecedented challenges such as the degradation of the quality of life within communities due to the elongation working hours, insufficient wages, overcrowding and poor living conditions. In response to this, industrialists such as Charles Fourier, Titus Salt and the Lever Brothers identified the difficulties of their employees and decided to create new communities to reform their lives with better living conditions, access to services and facilities and a better overall quality of life. life for all. In addition to improving the relationship between society and the economy, other utopian visionaries have strived to improve the relationship between humans and the environment. (Kleniewski, 2006) One of these visionaries was Ebenezer Howard, whose garden city was one of the most influential planning models produced in the 20th century. Howard envisioned a better environment; a marriage of city and country. He believed that by combining the bestelements of each place, it would create an ideal community. Howard's Garden City had a dense, compact downtown with all the necessary amenities, civic spaces, and services, supplemented by clusters of smaller, polycentric suburban areas. Between these urban areas would be a green belt and areas of large open spaces used for agricultural, forestry, etc. activities. The formal nature of this framework makes it possible to put in place effective infrastructures. If parts of this approach were applied to today's cities, it could help solve many of the sustainability problems they face. It is very important to ensure that city centers are dense, mixed-use and used to their maximum potential. Agricultural or passive green belts are essential to curb urban sprawl. Urban vertical gardens, rooftop gardens and community gardens, greening of the public realm, active green spaces – all of these would help improve the liveability of a community. The architect Le Corbusier is another influential 20th century figure in the field of urban planning. He proposed the idea of a “radiant city” whose signature was skyscrapers surrounded by open green spaces crossed by the highway. “Le Corbusier argued that by increasing the number of people housed in a building, the area of land covered could be reduced and the amount of open space maximized, thus giving the city its green 'lung'.” (Kleniewski, 2006) Le Corbusier aimed to achieve efficient land use by increasing the density of each building and leaving an abundance of open space for recreational or agricultural activities. Even if none of these utopian visions could alone cure all the city's ills, they influenced certain practices of urban planners. In reality, however, urban growth and development was the result of a market-driven process, proliferated by cheap energy and the rapid growth of private cars as a symbol of wealth and as an affordable means of transportation during the first half of the 20th century. lead to inefficient urban sprawl. (Kleniewski, 2006, p. 365) Urban planning and design quickly adapted to the demand for automobile infrastructure required by suburban life and the rampant acquisition of land in agricultural areas, forests and other spaces open roads that became the norm as extensive road networks were built. The availability of the car meant that land use functions could be separated by single-use zoning, precipitating even lower residential and employment densities and making the private car the only rational means of transportation. As a result of this type of “free enterprise construction,” cities were not only “ugly” but also had a detrimental impact on public health and the environment. Planners, however, reacted to this situation, realizing that this was not a sustainable way of development. In an American context, English planners skilled in the construction of sanitary sewers were imported. Urban planners have also sought to address the aesthetics of the city by thinking about architecture and design in new ways. “The so-called City Beautiful movement strove to raise the standards of design in public spaces and to bring art into the consciousness of the ordinary citizen.” (Kleniewski, 2006, p. 367) This movement was adopted by many cities around the world in the early 1900s. These same reformers also called for planning to advocate for better living conditions, in.

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