One of the first arguments put forward in Pandas and People is that experimental models of the early Earth, at the beginning of life, did not use 'oxygen. They argue that oxygen should be present to account for the oxides. Without oxygen, we would not have the ozone layer that would be necessary to protect life from harmful ultraviolet rays that would have killed life.(2) Therefore, a realistic experiment simulating Earth's primitive environment would need high levels of oxygen. The fallacies used in these arguments leave out some important evidence as to why oxygen is left out of the equation. First, the massive amount of oxygen produced in our atmosphere is the result of photosynthesis by chlorophyll-containing organisms (algae and plants), which did not appear until after the beginning of life. Cores taken from polar ice caps also reveal what atmospheric conditions were like on early Earth, without oxygen. The little oxygen found had already been absorbed by the minerals, forming oxides. Another argument made in Pandas is that the basic biological molecules necessary for life could not have survived in the proposed primitive environment.(2) What they wrongly forget is that life arose formed in the oceans, where the water could protect it from the extreme environment. the surface. Water, with its heat absorption capabilities (specific heat), could prevent energy sources such as volcanic activity or ultraviolet radiation from breaking down these first molecules. Panda intelligent design holds that because our genetic material codes for something that can be interpreted, it must have been. created by an intelligent creator. This is the whole argument for the intelligent design movement, complexity means that an int...... middle of paper ......rom http://www.discovery.org/p/89 (14) Berkman MB, Plutzer E. 2011. Defeating creationism in the courtroom, but not in the classroom. Science [Internet]. [cited October 24, 2011] Vol(331:6016) 404-405p. Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6016/404.full(15) Jelen TG, Lockett LA. 2010. American Clergy on Evolution and Creationism. Journal of Religious Research [Internet]. [cited October 24, 2011] Vol(51:3); pages 277-287. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=126&sid=070e4ec0-a873-49af-a1b8-e7e804b1f651%40sessionmgr113(16) Wexler JD. 1997. Of pandas, people, and the First Amendment: The constitutionality of teaching intelligent design in public schools. Stanford Law Review [Internet]. [cited October 24, 2011] Vol 49, No. 2; Pages 439-470. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1229302?seq=1. Accessible from EBSCOhost.