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Essay / Concept of masculinity and effects on body image
Interest in body image, its effects on the psychology of the person and his position in the community, began with Paul Schilder in the 1920s. Yet , most of the literature in gender studies consists of works on female body image. However, with recent developments in the world, men's body image has gained more importance and attracted more attention from psychologists, sociologists and gender scholars. To analyze this situation and its reasons, we can first introduce the notion of body image by defining it. Paul Schilder defined body image as “the image of our own body that we form in our minds, that is, the way in which the body appears to us” (quoted in Grogan, 1999, p. 14 ). In other words, body image is the feeling a person has about their own body. Positive feelings from someone's own body are called body satisfaction, while negative feelings from someone's own body are called body dissatisfaction. All of these definitions are used in this essay to study gender relations around body images. Masculinity, the concept of manhood, “finds its greatest source and definition in self-determination, autonomy, and individualism” (Weber, 2006). Furthermore, according to Kimmel, masculinity contains “anxiety, restlessness, and loneliness” as byproducts of commitment to this concept (cited in Weber, 2006, p. 290). According to Weber (2006), this conceptualization first appeared with the United States Declaration of Independence, due to the idea that the United States wanted to provide a type of self-governing nation everywhere in the world, know a standing position. -only type of American men. Due to the rise of some American institutions around the world, the American type of masculinity has become a global standard... middle of paper ...... basis. Dusen, A.V. (October 31, 2006). No more plastic surgery for men. Forbes. Retrieved April 24, 2008 from http://www.forbes.com/health/2006/10/31/plastic-surgery-men-forbeslife-health-cx_avd_1101plast.html Gil, S. (2007). Body image, well-being and sexual satisfaction: a comparison between heterosexual and gay men. Sex and Relationship Therapy, 22(2). Retrieved April 8, 2008 from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a777634255Grogan, S. (1999). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children. London: Routledge. Retrieved April 8, 2008 from ebrary: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/sabanunivic/Doc?id=5001445Weber, BR (2006). What makes man? TV makeover, restyled masculinity and male body image. International Journal of Men's Health, 5(3). Retrieved April 8, 2008 from EBSCOhost Research Database.