Applications of ElectrophysiologyIntroductionElectrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of tissues and cells. It is considered the “gold standard” in the study of neuronal signaling (Massimo Scanziani and Michael Häusser, 2009). Measurements are taken of the change in voltage or electric current on a wide variety of scales from a single ion channel protein (e.g. potassium channels) to large organs (e.g. the heart). There are many areas in which electrophysiology can be applied.Applications of ElectrophysiologyElectrophysiology can be applied to many aspects of the scientific field. It can be used during carotid endarterectomy, during cardiac surgery, during neurosurgical interventions, during endovascular interventions, resections of arteriovenous malformations, electrocorticography, intraoperative stimulation studies and intracellular recordings involved in the electrical properties of biological cells (Delores Quinonez, 1998). Various techniques are required to analyze these areas involved in electrophysiology. Electrophysiology Techniques Electrophysiology can be measured intracellularly (inside the cell) or extracellularly (outside the cell). Depending on the electrical activity measured.Intracellular RecordingsIntracellular recordings take place when a voltage or current measurement is taken across the membrane of a cell. This usually involves inserting one electrode into the cell and another electrode outside the cell. To measure the membrane potential, the electrodes are then connected to an amplifier either in response to a current injected through the intracellular electrode (current clamp), or this current is injected through the intracellular electrode; when the membrane po...... middle of paper ......rophysiological characterization. Journal of the American Heart Association. 68 (1), 114-130. • Stefan Remy and Nelson Spruston. (2007). Dendritic spikes induce long-term potentiation in a single burst. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (43), 17192-17197. • Stephen Maren and Gregory J. Quirk. (2004). Neural signaling in fear memory. Nature examines neuroscience. 5 (1), 844-852. • T. P Obrenovitch, J. Urenjak and E. Zilkha. (1994). Intracerebral microdialysis combined with extracellular field potential recording: a new method for investigating depolarizing drugs in vivo. British Journal of Pharmacology. 113 (4), 1295-1302. • Udi Nussinovitch, Rami Shinnawi and Lior Gepstein. (2014). Modulation of electrophysiological properties of cardiac tissue with light-sensitive proteins. Cardiovascular research . 102 (1), 176-187.