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Essay / Theory of social order: Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault
Every day of our lives, whether intentional or not, visible or invisible, is determined by laws, rules, standards and norms that create a feeling of order. Whether written or not, these can apply locally or generally. (Silva, 2009, p. 309) Norms, rules and regulations are made by people for people who shape society as they imagine it. Order is created in an ongoing process, as the idea of what society should look like changes across time and space. (Silva 2009, p. 311 and p. 317). Creating an order means creating a set of standards. Norms are a shared set of values or expectations about how people will or should behave. (Silva 2009, p. 307) But order is a term that, like many other social science concepts, can take on different meanings and there are different points of view and approaches to understanding it. Two philosophers: Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault presented two very different theories of social order. This essay focuses on the differences and similarities of these two theories and will attempt to determine which may have the stronger arguments. Goffman's research theory is called interactional order theory. His work focused on micro-level analysis of society. It focused on individual actors and their interactions with each other, the respective functions and rules that govern all our lives and analyzed in detail the various factors that shape our lives. Goffman speaks of the world we live in as a stage in a theater, on which people, men, women and children are the actors and play their roles according to social norms. (Silva, 2009, p. 317) Their facial expressions, gestures, body and spoken language adapt to the places they are in....... middle of paper..... . compared to a patchwork rug. Each individual contributes to shaping society and the order that reigns there. Individuals act collectively to create a sense of society. Foucault proposes that society is ordered, shaped, and governed by authoritarian power holders such as government officials, police officers, teachers, and parents, and that individuals are shaped by repetitive norms and practices. He views society as a place where only corrective measures can create norms and calls his approach "disciplinary society." (Silva, 2009, p. 322). In conclusion, it becomes clear that, although the two theories are very different, they can complement each other. Goffman's and Foucault's views have different approaches, but by combining these two approaches and their conclusions, one can have a broader view of how order in society is created and how today's society 'today is shaped..