In the short story, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, the main character Francis undergoes a drastic change in personality between the beginning and the end of the story, going from a coward to a courageous individual. Various perspectives on personality exist to explain this phenomenon, such as the type perspective, the trait perspective, and the motives/needs perspective. In this article, I will evaluate Francis' personality from all these angles and argue that the motivation/need perspective is the best explanation for Francis' change in character, because motivations and needs fluctuate and change based on external stimuli, so that the types and traits do not change. no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay Before evaluating Francis' personality in terms of types, it is important to remember that types are discrete categories to which one belongs or does not belong. I will use the now popular Meyers-Briggs type test to determine Francis' personality. I find Francis to be extroverted rather than introverted, feeling rather than intuitive, feeling rather than thinking, and perceiving rather than judging. I came to this conclusion because many of Francis' actions seem spontaneous and reckless, such as his harsh dialogue with his wife during his outbursts of anger, and his sudden panic upon seeing the injured lion charging at him. Even Francis' decision to become more courageous the next day was an emotionally driven decision, since logical decisions don't fluctuate as much. Therefore, the key elements of the Francis type personality are the traits of feeling, perceiving and sensing. Extroversion is difficult to discern, but it seems like the best solution, given Francis' consistent dialogue throughout the story. Unlike the personality type, the trait personality views characteristics as continuous and dichotomous, falling somewhere on a scale between two extremes. A person would therefore not be “extroverted”, but rather possess a certain level of extroversion. I would describe Francis as cowardly, irritable and proud. The cowardice is evident when Francis flees the lion, but it is also seen in his inability to confront his wife – to the point that she kisses Wilson in front of him and he barely responds. Francis is also irritable because he responds passive-aggressively towards his wife during their conversations ("cut the bitch out"), rather than finding a constructive way to express his frustrations. Finally, Francis is proud, because the only reason he chooses to be less of a coward is out of self-interest in his manhood and reputation, not out of a desire to grow as a person. In terms of motivations and needs, François' personality is clearly characterized by a high need for success and intimacy, but oriented more towards the avoidance of failure than towards success. In other words, Francis needs to feel a sense of accomplishment because he is afraid of failing at his tasks, and he needs to feel a sense of intimacy because he is afraid of being alone without a partner. This theory is supported by the fact that people with a high need for achievement tend to prefer moderate-level tasks, which in Francis' case are chasing the buffalo rather than the lion, and by the fact that Francis seems to be controlled by his wife, for fear of leaving him. Additionally, those who are better characterized as wanting to avoid failure rather than succeed are more likely to be less satisfied..