John Philippe Rushton was a professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario and became known for his research into apparent forms of racial variation. Rushton's book, Race, Evolution, and Behavior (1995), describes his r/k selection theory of how Mongoloids, Negroids, and Caucasoids obtain their evolutionary traits. Many reviews and critiques targeted Rushton for his controversial work; including articles from Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1989). Early in his career, Rushton began researching the heritable aspects of altruism; thus developing the theory of genetic similarity. “Altruism is defined as behavior carried out for the benefit of others. In its extreme form, altruism involves self-sacrifice. In humans, altruistic behavior ranges from everyday kindness, to sharing scarce resources, to sacrificing one's life to save others (Rushton 1989). This theory was a direct extension of William Donald Hamilton's kin selection theory. In Rushton's literature there is a consistent pattern of erroneous conclusions, citations of his own work, obsolete sources, indeterminable measurements, and broad and vague assumptions. The consistency of these complications seriously affected his reputation. Rushton appears to have ruled out any socio-economic factors that might influence his generalizations. By analyzing his theory of genetic similarity and evaluating all credible sources, one will find many errors and misconceptions. The reviewed references I viewed were legitimate and commonly tested in the parent recognition category. Rushton cites Hamilton quite often on his mathematical notions of an organism achieving inclusive fitness through the transmission of identical genes to the organism (Rushton 1989). Analyzing the...... middle of paper ......present (Gangestad 1989). The paradox of altruism is another undefined notion because it interferes with Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest." Is there now a gene contributing to the benefit of a large number of species and no longer a battle for personal fitness? Organisms now reproduce to perpetuate their offspring by themselves and by genetically similar organisms (Rushton 1980). It's the evolution of species genes and now related species will get the same genes? Rushton further develops Dawkin's "selfish gene." Without any evidence, he concludes that unrelated species with the same genetic makeup can exhibit altruistic behavior rather than simply related behavior. Coming back to the question: how can one species simply know the genetic makeup of another? And how can they have the same genetic makeup and belong to a different family?