The movements and migrations of ethnic groups had a major impact on medieval history. Two major medieval migrations that altered the history of the medieval world were the Muslim migration to the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the Mongol migration to Eurasia in the 12th century. Arthur Keith, a Scottish anthropologist, once wrote: “Tolerance is essential. being a state of mind that is encouraged and necessary for civilization. » In other words, creating a tolerant culture is vital for the survival of society. This need is amplified in a culture involving many ethnic and religious ties; a need well understood by Muslims and Mongols. Although the specific impacts of Muslim and Mongol migrations varied, these two groups cultivated a culture of religious tolerance in which their indigenous subjects lived, as evidenced by the formation of the Dhimmi in Muslim Iberia and the religious tolerance of the Khan. The migrations of Muslim peoples from the Middle East and North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula had profound impacts on the culture and religion of indigenous peoples. Before the Muslim conquest, the Iberian Peninsula was under the domination of the Visigoths. The ruling Visigoths and indigenous Iberians varied greatly in ethnicity and religious beliefs, which contributed to constant revolt in the region. Specifically, the ruling Visigoths practiced Arianism (1 nature of Christ), while the majority of natives practiced Catholicism (dual nature of Christ). This division caused great tension in relations between the ruling class of the Gothic kings and the native Iberians. By the 8th century, Muslims had completed their conquest of North Africa and found themselves in the middle of paper..... .God . William of Rubruck, a Franciscan missionary, attended a religious debate at the Khan's court in May 1254. Various representatives of other religions were also present. Mangu Khan sent his secretaries to the representatives with the message: “Our lord sends us to you to tell you that you are here Christians, Saracens and Tuins. And each of you says that his doctrine is the best, and his writings, that is to say his books, the truest. He therefore desires that you all come together and make a comparison, each writing down his precepts, that he himself may know the truth. "Mangu Khan's organization of this religious debate speaks volumes about the open-mindedness and curiosity of the Mongols about other religions. Mangu Khan was eager to learn about other religions and allowed their presence in his kingdom and court..