AbstractPrecise gender attribution has always been a priority in forensic cases and has always preoccupied archaeologists. The characteristics of forensic analysis of DNA samples are similar to those of ancient DNA, with the main similarity being small amounts of actionable molecules. The most frequently used markers for molecular sex assignment are the single-copy amelogenin gene located on the X (AMELX) and Y (AMELY) chromosomes. Sex determination kits used around the world were designed based on the amplification of amelogenin genes, which are particularly useful in forensic cases. Sometimes these sex tests fail due to allelic dropout. New molecular markers for sex identification are constantly being developed to overcome this problem. Another problem characteristic of ancient DNA studies is contamination of samples with modern DNA molecules. The accuracy of sex testing for ancient DNA studies depends on the ability to distinguish authentic ancient DNA from modern contaminating DNA.Keywords: physical anthropology, sex assignment, molecular sex assignment, AMELX, AMELY, DNA old.IntroductionCorrect gender identification has always been a concern. archaeologists or anthropologists and is of major importance in forensic cases for today's population. In past populations, the status of men and women varied greatly and the dynamics of gender relations changed over time. Physical anthropology can be able to identify with a higher degree of certainty the sex of skeletal remains by analyzing a few sex-indicating markers. The most common physical markers are the skull and pelvis. The features of the skull tend to be more robust in men than in women and the subpubic region has significant differences due to the ...... middle of article ......F. , Frey UH, Bajanowski, T. (2008) Sex determination of amelogenin by pyrosequencing of short PCR products, International Journal of Legal Medicine, 122, 333-335. Vergnaud, G., Kaplan, L., Weisennbach, J., Dumez, Y., Berger, R., Tiollais, P., Guellaen, G. (1984) Rapid and early sex determination using samples trophoblast biopsy and Y chromosome-specific DNA probes, Br Med J, 289, 73-76. Willard, HF (1985) Chromosome-specific organization of human alpha satellite DNA, Am J Hun Genet, 37, 524-532. Wolfe, J., Darling, SM, Erickson, RP, Craig, IW, Buckle, VJ, Rigby, PWJ, Willard, HFK, Goodfellow, PN (1985) Isolation and characterization of a family of alphoid centromeric repeats of the human Y chromosome , J Mol Biol, 182, 477-485. Zech, L. (1969) Investigation of metaphase chromosomes with DNA-binding fluorochromes, Exp Cell Res, 58, 463.