However, even though the functions that Fayol considered the most important elements of management work are not those that can be observed in the daily activities of managers, Mintzberg posed some problems in his method of studying to know the nature of management. Furthermore, while Fayol failed to paint a picture of management work in reality, Mintzberg failed to provide insight into what managers should do to be successful and effective. To some extent, Fayol and Mintzberd did not develop competing theories but theories on different dimensions of managerial work. In terms of gaining efficiency in management, Fayol achieved better results by stating what managers should do rather than simply responding to the pressure of their work, as Mintzberg described. We can therefore conclude that Fayol's work is superior to that of Mintzberg and that the latter is rather ineffective.