Over the years, the problem of unequal treatment among citizens of the United States has arisen. This already existed in 1619, when slaves arrived in North America. The ships were disease-ridden and dirty. It was in 1857 that the United States Supreme Court ruled that slaves had no rights. This went against the ideals of the U.S. Constitution that “all men are created equal.” When slave families were sold, they were often separated. At the time, slaves could not testify against those who treated them cruelly. In most cases, they were also not allowed to purchase their freedom. Many whites found the slavery of blacks legally revolting. Most of them took part in an anti-slavery campaign that sparked the start of the American Civil War. When President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation took effect in 1863, slavery still existed in states still loyal to the Union. In 1865, the end of slavery finally came with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, which led to 4 million penniless and illiterate freed slaves. The end of the Civil War and slavery devastated the South. In 1865, the Black Codes were developed to control Southern blacks and prevent them from fully participating in the legal, social, and political aspects of Southern life. Some state codes allowed blacks to testify in court, own land, attend school, and marry. When the Civil Rights Act was passed on April 9, 1866, the Black Codes were overturned. The law officially granted black people American citizenship. In order to prevent its repeal, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to underline the Civil Rights Act by giving African Americans citizens of the nation and state with which they stand right in the middle of the paper.... .s. It was also from these sit-ins that the group SNCC or Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed to provide a venue for black youth to participate in the civil rights movement. Throughout the entire civil rights movement, there have been astonishing achievements and perhaps tragedies. On July 2, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act. This civil rights law prohibited any form of discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin. The law gave the federal government the authority to impose desegregation. This ended segregation and the civil rights movement, but there were still hate crimes against black and white supporters, including the killing of 3 civil rights workers by the Ku Klux Klan and the murder of Malcolm X. who founded the civil rights movement. Organization of African-American unity by members of the black Muslim faith.