On May 29, 1453, the Turkish army commanded by Sultan Mehmet II captured Constantinople. This city, also known as Byzantium, was for around a thousand years the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire, the repository of the Hellenistic heritage of the Greco-Roman world, the bastion of Christianity in the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe's gateway to the East. Many historians consider this event to be a milestone marking the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern era. However, its significance goes beyond a historical limit. Its repercussions have reached our days. Our era is an indirect product of the fall of Constantinople. This is due to two direct consequences: the discovery of America and the Renaissance. The city of Byzantium (now Istanbul, capital of Turkey) was located on the Bosphorus Strait, which connects the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara which connects the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles Strait. For centuries, the city had provided European merchants, notably Genoese and Venetians, with access to the Black ...