The Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the OPDA the end of the Ottoman Empire, namely Duyun-ı Umumiye İdaresi (Ottoman Public Debt Administration now OPDA). This article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the political and economic conditions in the Ottoman Empire as well as in Europe, during the creation of the OPDA. The second part deals with the labor force involved in the OPDA.PART IThe Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the OPDADuring its last two centuries, the Ottoman Empire experienced several crises in various aspects. The spread of nationalist ideas among its minorities, lost wars as well as territories, signing of treaties which contributed to the deterioration of the position of the Ottoman Empire vis-à-vis European states. In the two centuries before its final collapse, the Ottomans had lost many wars and ceded vast territories. All this exerted a negative effect on the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, the impact of Europeans, through their economic penetration, missionary activities and nationalist ideas on minorities such as Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians, continued to grow, etc. The Ottomans had a habit of taking out internal loans, especially from prominent resident merchants. However, Empire does not hold up any further across European countries. After a while, the Ottoman Empire took cash from a few European bankers. Soon after, the Ottoman administration borrowed from European countries. All these global changes affected the Ottoman Empire. One of these grilles at the bottom was coming out of the outside credit. The Ottoman Empire borrowed external credits (first from Great Britain) during the Crimean War in 1853-1856. After the first loan, the other...... middle of paper ......elişimi, Çalışma Safhaları ve Osmanlı Devleti'ne Etkileri”, (Unpublished master's thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1997) p. 110.8- Erdoğan Keskinkılıç, “Duyun-ı Umumiye İdaresine Memur Olmak”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi (2002) vol. 36/2 pp. 67-75.9- Haydar Kazgan, “Düyun-ı Umumiye”, In Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, ed. Murat Belge and others (Istanbul: İletişim, 1985) vol. IIIp. 691-786.10- Murat Birdal, The political economy of the Ottoman public debt: insolvency and European financial control in the late 19th century, London: IB Tauris, 2010.11- Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Empire Ottoman and Modern Turkey, London: University of Cambridge, 1977 vol. II.12- Şevket Pamuk, Osmanlı-Türkiye İktisadi Tarihi 1500-1914, Istanbul: İletişim, 2010.13- Şükrü Hanioğlu, A brief history of the end of the Ottoman Empire, United States: Princeton, 2008.

Essay / The Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the OPDA the end of the Ottoman Empire, namely Duyun-ı Umumiye İdaresi (Ottoman Public Debt Administration now OPDA). This article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the political and economic conditions in the Ottoman Empire as well as in Europe, during the creation of the OPDA. The second part deals with the labor force involved in the OPDA.PART IThe Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the OPDADuring its last two centuries, the Ottoman Empire experienced several crises in various aspects. The spread of nationalist ideas among its minorities, lost wars as well as territories, signing of treaties which contributed to the deterioration of the position of the Ottoman Empire vis-à-vis European states. In the two centuries before its final collapse, the Ottomans had lost many wars and ceded vast territories. All this exerted a negative effect on the Ottoman Empire. Subsequently, the impact of Europeans, through their economic penetration, missionary activities and nationalist ideas on minorities such as Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians, continued to grow, etc. The Ottomans had a habit of taking out internal loans, especially from prominent resident merchants. However, Empire does not hold up any further across European countries. After a while, the Ottoman Empire took cash from a few European bankers. Soon after, the Ottoman administration borrowed from European countries. All these global changes affected the Ottoman Empire. One of these grilles at the bottom was coming out of the outside credit. The Ottoman Empire borrowed external credits (first from Great Britain) during the Crimean War in 1853-1856. After the first loan, the other...... middle of paper ......elişimi, Çalışma Safhaları ve Osmanlı Devleti'ne Etkileri”, (Unpublished master's thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1997) p. 110.8- Erdoğan Keskinkılıç, “Duyun-ı Umumiye İdaresine Memur Olmak”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi (2002) vol. 36/2 pp. 67-75.9- Haydar Kazgan, “Düyun-ı Umumiye”, In Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, ed. Murat Belge and others (Istanbul: İletişim, 1985) vol. IIIp. 691-786.10- Murat Birdal, The political economy of the Ottoman public debt: insolvency and European financial control in the late 19th century, London: IB Tauris, 2010.11- Stanford J. Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Empire Ottoman and Modern Turkey, London: University of Cambridge, 1977 vol. II.12- Şevket Pamuk, Osmanlı-Türkiye İktisadi Tarihi 1500-1914, Istanbul: İletişim, 2010.13- Şükrü Hanioğlu, A brief history of the end of the Ottoman Empire, United States: Princeton, 2008.

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