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Essay / Alternative weed control methods to reduce weeds...
Genetically modified crops are used more than local crops in agriculture, especially glyphosate resistant crops. The use of glyphosate has increased, due to its main characteristic “no runoff”. This seemingly perfect solution to farmers' weed control problem has negative impacts not only on the environment, but also on the health of living organisms. Glyphosate increases plant susceptibility to disease, which will reduce crop yields. Glyphosate also decreases the amount of nutrients in crops, causing stunted growth and also reduced yields. The herbicide also poses a threat to human health, due to the residues left on consumed crops. These human risks include celiac disease, cell damage, and suppression of CYP enzymes. To protect the health of our crops and our community, farmers must use different weed management methods as an alternative to the herbicide glyphosate, including crop rotation, mechanical tillage, delayed planting, and weed-free seed . The product label in many herbicides including Roundup®, Glyphomax Plus® and Clearout 41 Plus® list the active ingredient as "Glyphosate N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, in the form of its isopropylamine salt" (Boerboom et al. The common name of the active ingredient is glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it kills most plants (Glyphosate 2010). It was first introduced in the United States in 1974 and is today one of the most widely used herbicides. Glyphosate works by binding and inhibiting the enzyme enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, or EPSPS (How 2013). EPSPS is located at the beginning of the shikimic acid pathway, which converts simple carbohydrates into many important plant metabolites...... middle of paper ......sate, pathways to modern diseases II : celiac disease and gluten intolerance. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 4: 159-184 Samsel A, Seneff S. 2013. Glyphosate suppression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and amino acid biosynthesis by the gut microbiome: pathways to modern diseases. Entropy 15:1416-1463Sanyal S, Shrestha A. 2008. Direct effects of herbicides on plant pathogens and disease development in various cropping systems. Weed Science 56:155-160Smiley RW, Ogg AG, Jr. and Cook, RJ 1992. Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia root rot, growth and yield of barley. Plant Dis. 76:937-942. Smith J. January 19, 2011. Monsanto raid triggers more than 40 plant diseases and endangers human and animal health [Internet]. Food consumption; [January 19, 2011, cited March 29, 2014]. Available at: http://www.foodconsumer.org/newsite/Non-food/Environment/roundup_0118110818.html