On September 11, 2001, a magnificent blue sky shone above the World Trade Centers in New York. No one would have imagined that today would become the worst day in American history. On that day, the lives of everyone in the United States of America and around the world would change in one way or another. Without the knowledge of security services, it is believed, the hijackers entered four planes, beginning their journey to the Twin Towers. These planes were hijacked by thirteen different people, two of which hit the World Trade Center, one the Pentagon, and the other landing in a field in Pennsylvania. (Cook 2018) Out of curiosity, people, not just scientists but your ordinary human being, have looked into some of the conspiracies of the tragedy that happened that day. Some scientists, however, spent the next decade proving these claims false. Some conspiracies, a conspiracy being a secret plan to do something illegal or harmful to a group of people, are more difficult than others to prove wrong. Conspiracies or not, whatever happened at Ground Zero, or at the founding point of the Twin Towers, is a loss and a tragedy that the world must mourn. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay The Twin Towers were the two largest buildings consisting of 110 floors each, hence the name Twin Towers. These towers, combined with the other five towers although smaller, were part of the World Trade Center. The World Trade Center housed more than 10,000 employees at the time of the attack. (Editors 2009) These people went to work as if it were any other day. However, at 8:46 a.m., a shock they would never forget would hit them. Flight 11 struck the North Tower and landed between floors ninety-three and ninety-nine. Nine minutes later, the south tower was declared secure and employees did not need to be evacuated. Then, as time slowly passed, as they watched the smoke from the north tower, they received orders to evacuate at 9:02 a.m. and at 9:03 a.m. Flight 175 collided with an intense impact on the south tower. The South Tower burned for fifty-six minutes before collapsing at 9:59 a.m., killing hundreds of people still in the building. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., just twenty-nine minutes after the devastating collapse of the South Tower. The collapse claimed the lives of 1,600 innocent people that day. Around 12:30 p.m., first responders were able to find and free thirteen first responders and one bystander. About sixteen hours later, rescuers were able to find and rescue the last survivor. Many people believe that the tragic events of that day were the work of Al-Qaeda, Osama Bin-Ladan's organization, which actually made a video claiming responsibility for the event. Others, however, believe that day's work was part of the government's way of starting a war with the Middle East. Some believe that the Twin Towers were destroyed by controlled destruction and not by planes hitting them. (McGreal) There are also conspiracies that the towers were hit by a remotely controlled plane with bombs inside. It was also said that World Trade Center 7 was destroyed by bombs because it was not hit by another plane. Today, scientists spend hours and millions of dollars trying to prove whether these theories are real or made up. An imprecise event that occurred six weeksonly before the attack was the amount of money invested in insurance against terrorism. Larry Silverstein, just before the attack on the Twin Towers, had granted them the lease. Larry believed that because two different airliners hit two separate towers, he should be reimbursed for two different attacks. This would allow it to maximize its insurance claim on each round, to the tune of seven billion dollars. However, before the attacks, the insurance file had not yet been finalized, so the court wondered whether this statement or the one written by Silverstein's lawyer in 2001 was the only one to be accepted. Architectural engineers across the United States of America spend thousands of hours trying to debunk the conspiracies behind the tragic events of September 11, 2001. The Twin Towers destroyed by controlled demolition was one of them. (McGreal) However, this has been shown to be true in several ways. The fact that steel has a melting temperature of 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit and the jet fuel that was on board the plane could only burn up to 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, it was impossible that the plane's fuel was the source of the molten material that was leaking from the towers that day. Many believed that the molten material coming from the Twin Towers came from the metal of the planes, which were made from very lightweight aluminum. (Jones, page 15) NIST or National Institute of standards and technology said it was aluminum because it had a melting point of 475 to 650 degrees Celsius. This turned out to be false, because aluminum cannot catch fire and the colors of the molten drops ranged from salmon to yellow, which takes between 840 and 1050 degrees Celsius to occur. World Trade Center 7 was one of the buildings involved in the suspicious collapses. This mall collapsed almost symmetrically along its entire length, although there were twenty-four large trusses lined up within the tower in an irregular pattern. For this building to collapse symmetrically, as it did, several of these columns would have to be under enormous tension at the same time, which is highly unlikely. (Jones, page 20) In a case like this where they blame it on the fire and debris from the other World Trade Centers, and obviously no debris hit that building, there is a small percentage of real causes of symmetrical collapse without having to do so. cutting explosives. An explosive cutter is an explosive device, usually used in controlled demolition, which causes a cutting effect at a symmetrical location. (www.thefreedictionary.com/cutting charge) With all the evidence that this tower was capable of withstanding fire before this and that no other structure of its type had ever collapsed from fire, it is difficult to believe that WTC 7 was the first of its kind to do so. New York City is full of many curious people, some of whom were eyewitnesses to this event. An eyewitness was an ABC reporter: "There's an explosion at the base of the building...white smoke is coming out of the bottom of the building...something happened at the base of the building!" Then there was another explosion. Another eyewitness was firefighter Edward Cachia who said: "We thought there was like an internal detonation, explosives because they were going successively, boom, boom, boom, boom, and then the tower went collapsed… Actually, it gave way to a lower floor, not the floor below. floor where the plane struck. the day of this freak accident. Conservation momentum, that is, momentum transferred from one object to another and retained if one of them is isolated, was disrupted because the steel beamsdesigned to hold tons of weight disintegrated instead of gaining momentum from falling objects. In the NIST, FEMA, and 911 Commission reports, researchers and investigators simply ignored this fact. The south tower can be seen during the collapse, with the top thirty floors pulled eastwards. (Jones, page 29) However, it was disintegrated into powder where it should have had the momentum to hit the lower floors and topple to the east of the building, leaving the other floors standing. When the Twin Towers collapsed, passers-by and eyewitnesses from all over the world could hear and see explosions. In fact, in the many videos released of the collapse, you can notice the explosions of material being thrown about 100 feet away in a split second. (Ryan, page 2) On average, the speed of each of the explosions was approximately 170 FPS or feet per second. Some investigators have attempted to debunk this theory. One of the explanations given was by NIST Shyam Sunder in which he said: “When a significant portion of a floor collapses, it throws air and concrete dust out the window. These dust clouds may give the impression of controlled demolition, but it is the pancake of the ground that gives this impression. However, this was later abandoned as NIST could not follow up on Pancake's perception and they stated that it was more of a piston effect with the top of the tower compressing the air below. (Ryan, page 2) This theory is also false, because with a piston, air is compressed into a restricted area. For the towers to create such force, the floors would have had to collapse inside the walls, creating a flat plane inside the building. . Although this is possible in some cases, this is not the case in the case of the Twin Towers. The Twin Towers had no concrete, only pulverized concrete dust remained. Many scientists have found facts that base this terrible day as an inside job, but there are just as many who have fought to prove why it was a terrorist attack. . The National Institute of Standards and Technology was the lead investigator of the event. Blame for the collapse of World Trade Center 7 was due to fires that spread to each floor due to automatic sprinklers and the NYFD being unable to obtain water to put out the fires . These fires started with the collapse of WTC 1 or the North Tower which caused significant damage to floors seven to seventeen. It was because of this damage that the fires could not be brought under control on floors seven to nine and eleven to thirteen. (World Trade Center 7 Collapse Final Report, page 21) Due to the excessive heat on these floors, the steel beams overheated, or exceeded 600 degrees Celsius, weakening them to the point where they could bend or become soft. Column seventy-nine is most likely the column that begins to buckle first, causing the thirteenth floor to collapse and creating a cascade of other failures on the floors below. (World Trade Center 7 Collapse Final Report, page 22) Once the floors between the fifth and fourteenth floors collapsed, the walls began to implode on themselves, creating what looked like a controlled demolition. The same company was responsible for surveying the rest of the shopping centers. The lead investigator and writer of the NIST report, Shaym Sunder of NIST, believed that seven factors occurred that day to lead to the collapse of the Twin Towers. The Twin Towers suffered structural damage from direct aircraft impact inwhich the central columns have been sectioned. The towers also suffered fires with good amounts of oxygen to keep them burning for a while. Some fire-resistant materials were also dislodged by the impact of the Boeing 737. (Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers, p. 45) When the 737 hit the building, jet fuel was sprayed everywhere interior, which caused more fires, which weakened the beams and columns. designed to withstand a hit from planes bigger than a Boeing 737 or something like that, or so the rumor went. According to Sunder, there was no real evidence in the documentation relating to the design of the Twin Towers. In 1975, a B-25 plane collided with the Empire State Building, so engineers took this possibility into consideration when building skyscrapers, although there was no real code when The engineer designed the construction of the Twin Towers.implemented this. However, during the construction of the World Trade Center, engineers used viscoelastic dampers (Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers, p. 65). A viscoelastic damper is a system that transforms the energy of wind movement and earthquake travel into a heat source. (Samali) With these elements in place, the heat source would have increased once the plane hit the building. The impact on the United States of America was enormous. Due to the attacks, many changes took place within the New York Fire Department. (Lawson & Vetorri, PG 19) This included changes in communication, protocols, elevators, protective clothing and elevators. (Lawson & Vetorri, PG ix) There were several different issues for each of them. Some of them were avoidable, others were unknown until afterward, and still others couldn't be changed at all. FDNY communication was a lifeline for firefighters that day, some of whom were unavailable due to high traffic on radios that day (Lawson & Vetorri, PG 19) A problem with communication that was known before this was that there was no emergency signal to regain control of the communication, with twenty radios on the same channel chatting out of control. (Lawson & Vetorri, PG 19) This was known before the accident, but due to the 1993 bombing, where a trapped firefighter attempted to call for help but was not heard due to the communications traffic. (Lawson & Vetorri, PG 20) After the 1993 bombing, it was decided that there would be intense protocol training with the NYPD and FDNY to determine what each person's role was, in order to prepare to one of these emergencies. This led the United States to establish the Office of Emergency Management or OEM. (Lawson & Vetorri, PG 20) However, during that day the OEM was out of service as it was located in WTC 7 which was evacuated and was not established anywhere off-site. As for elevators, which most people used until now for a large building, they are now considered the number one priority. A protocol has been put in place for elevator mechanics to work with the FDNY when an elevator is in place. Firefighters wear flame-retardant clothing so they don't catch fire while trying to evacuate a building or fight a fire. Wearing these garments adds extra weight to the firefighter, making it easier for them to become exhausted. (Lawson & Vetorri, PG 22) It was recommended that this equipment be worn only if they are able to reach the ground where the fire is or if they plan to enter the fire. Unfortunately, this.