In this book review I will discuss chapters twelve, thirteen and fourteen of the book “Guns, Germs and Steel” by Jared Diamonds. Chapter 12 “Plans and Borrowed Letters” talks about the evolution of writing, while chapter 13 “The Mother of Necessity” talks about the evolution of technology and chapter 14 “From Egalitarianism to kleptocracy” talks about the evolution of government religion. Jared Diamond believed that societies developed because of environmental differences. He suggested that certain societies and cultures had advantages because of their geography. I will summarize the three chapters of this book and then I will give my opinion on Jared Diamond's ideas. In every society and culture, writing is very important because it allows us to transmit ideas or knowledge to others. Writing allows us to look back on information from centuries ago and understand what it was like. According to Chapter 12 “The two unquestionably independent inventions of writing were made by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia sometime before 3000 BC and by the Mexican Indians before 600 BC. The Egyptian script of 3000 BC and the Chinese script (c. 1300 BC) may also have arisen independently” (Diamonds, p. 218). Other cultures may have adopted writing through ideas inspired by these writing systems. Diamonds also points out that Sumerian cuneiform is one of the oldest writing systems. One of the ways the writing system was developed was by using clay tablets to write on using sharp objects to scratch the surface. It also describes three basic writing strategies that were used, such as logograms, syllables, and letters of the alphabet. The alphabet we use today was developed through blueprint copying. He continued to describe the...... middle of paper ......m an increase in wealth. I also agree that every society could benefit from any new developments such as writing if there were no geographical barriers or if societies were open to new technologies. Inventions are also important in the success of societies because they lead to a better life with a reduction in hard work and if other societies do not know these innovations, they will not be able to progress. In Chapter 14, when Diamond explains the different levels of organizations, I agree that for an organization to be successful, it must have some sort of centralized government to keep things in order. Without order, societies will not be able to progress because they have no laws and their actions have no consequences. Overall, I agree with Jared Diamonds' ideas on the formation of corporations because they made a lot of sense and were intriguing..