The author further argues that Young's noting of the mathematical models was intentional and designed to effectively illustrate his view of their ineffectiveness as they are difficult to absorb . Despite these difficulties, the author claims that Young immediately created useful ideas. At the forefront was the ideal of what Young metaphorically called the “datasauer also known as Empiricus Abstractus” (Young, 2011). What the author noted was that Young's criticism of modern criminology's excessive and ineffective use of empiricism to predict criminal behavior is a flawed concept due to fluctuations in variation and manipulation data. The author noted that Young (2011) used as evidence to demonstrate the shortcomings what he argues against by noting that the level of explanatory power in multivariate models overestimates prediction levels (p..