Cancer is defined by clinicians as unregulated cell growth leading to invasion of surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The human cell is created to replicate throughout the cell cycle. It consists of four phases, G1, S, G2 and M, controlled by proteins. As there are different checkpoints in the cell cycle, division usually occurs without complications and reproduces normal cells. However, during these phases, when DNA replication occurs, mutations can occur. A mutation that alters a gene that controls the production of cellular regulatory proteins can cause the cell to grow out of control, called cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, there are more than 1.6 million new cases of cancer in the United States each year. An estimated 7.6 million people die from cancer each year worldwide, including 4 million people who die prematurely (aged 30 to 69). As the second leading cause of death in the United States, approximately 570,000 Americans died from some form of cancer in 2012, or more than 1,500 people per day. Because of the wide variety of cancers and their ability to grow and mutate quickly, research is difficult and expensive. With so many people affected by cancer, billions of dollars and insurmountable time are invested in the research and development of cancer treatments. (“Cancer Facts & Figures 2013,” nd) There are a wide range of treatments for cancer. These include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, genetic stem cell transplantation, photodynamics, laser, targeted donation of blood products and the transfusion. There are advantages and disadvantages to each type. ("Cancer Facts & Figures 2013", nd..... middle of paper process ......ation. This prevents the release of calcium into the cell membrane, which is the next step in the process of activating It is suspected that CD22 might also trigger the process of B cell activation when stimulated by other proteins. Very little is known about the positive signals of CD22, so it is not clear what. which might trigger them. The reason why CD22 inhibits B cell activation is not entirely known. One theory is that it acts as a control preventing B cells from being triggered by the CD22's own antigens. organism. between B cells and other cells It is known that CD22 is important for the survival of B cells. When there is a deficiency of CD22 on the surface of B cells, they tend to begin the cycle. apoptosis (Kantarjian et al., 2012; Sullivan-Chang et al.., 2013 ;, 2008)