The article also discusses the origins of Islam as well as the beliefs of Islam. The theme of the second volume is the “relationship between the expansion and fragmentation of Islam into autonomous local dynasties” (Turner 192). According to the author, “the origin of Islam was the emergence in the Axial Age of a new conception of religion, not as a tribal commitment” (Turner 192). The main problem of the religion was that other Muslim communities were challenged by different religions and refusal to accept the teaching of Islam. The author also discusses the rise of Sufism. The author describes Sufism as religious cement (Turner 193). Turner mentions that the author of The Venture of Islam would like to see Islamic influences in technological advancements because of Islam's moral roots.