Throughout history, geography has greatly affected the development of a civilization. While some civilizations had a large amount of space and valuable resources, others had to endure a limited amount of land and few resources to survive. Environmental manipulation was a necessary aspect of the survival of civilizations such as the Egyptians and Aztecs. The Egyptians, located in East Africa, were challenged by the unpredictable flooding of the Nile. The Aztecs, located in the Valley of Mexico, faced the challenge of living in a region with many shallow lakes but limited land. Although environmental modification can cause disasters, it also provides food and resources to people. Therefore, environmental modification is beneficial and necessary for the success of a civilization. Environmental modification is beneficial and necessary for the success of a civilization because it led to the creation of a surplus of food which resulted in a strong economy; this also led to the creation of laws which, in a stable and strong values ​​society, and finally to the expansion of land which resulted in effective population management. The change in the environment led to the creation of a surplus of food which resulted in a strong economy. A surplus of food was important to civilizations because it allowed them time to develop other aspects of their civilization and also allowed them to trade. According to Document 2b, “Thus, when the Egyptians invented tools for lifting water, such as the shaduf, they were able to grow two crops a year, which was considered a great advance in irrigation. » This evidence proves the main idea because the shaduf doubles the amount of ...... middle of paper ...... civilization to modify its environment. Civilizations such as the Aztecs and Egyptians were able to go further by establishing laws that instilled values, a surplus of food that boosted their economy, and effective land management to unify the people. The achievements of ancient civilization laid the foundation for much of the technology we use today. For example, the Egyptians' irrigation canals became the indoor plumbing we rely on every day. In Dubai, the king creates new land to increase economic opportunities. Finally, the shaduf is the inspiration for many modern tools requiring the use of pulleys. All the variety of changes made during the establishment of these civilizations have shaped the world we live in today, the technological, economic and social advances have left imprints on history..