In 1865, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment, which was ratified on December 6, 1865. The Thirteenth Amendment permanently abolished slavery in the United States. Many African Americans believed that there would finally be peace and that they too would be treated as fairly as whites. This was unfortunately not the case. African Americans were brutally segregated and condemned to harsh times and conditions. Whites began to emphasize racial segregation, which had been practiced previously, and gave whites a sense of superiority over African Americans. Many whites resisted social changes, leading to revolting movements such as the Ku Klux Klan, whose members attacked African Americans to maintain white dominance. This sparked the civil rights movement. Also called “freedom struggles,” these movements took place to achieve equal rights for African Americans. The sit-ins had a major psychological impact on African Americans. Not only was he the first African American to sit out, but other students began to follow the path of the Greensboro Four and began participating in sit-ins as well. The sit-ins allowed civil rights for African Americans to finally be broadcast live around the world. Even though the protesters were heckled and beaten, they remained seated and never moved, demonstrating the resilience of the protesters and were a great role model for other African American protesters who decided it was time to fight back discrimination and fight for rights. On February 1, 1960, four African-American students from North Carolina A+T College, an all-black college, went to get served at the Woolworth restaurant. The restaurant was open to all customers, but only served whites middle of paper...... Crisis, March 1980. Accessed April 24, 2014. Owens, Edward. “Courage at the Greensboro lunch counter.” Smithsonian.http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/courage-at-the-greensboro-lunch-counter-4507661/?no-ist. (accessed May 22, 2014). Schoolmeester, Kelly. “Greensboro, North Carolina, student sit-in for American civil rights, 1960.” nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. January 2, 2010. Accessed May 22, 2014. http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/greensboro-nc-students-sit-us-civil-rights-1960. Theoharis, Jeanne and Athan Theoharis. These Are Not Yet the United States: Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in America Since 1945. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2003.X, Malcom. “Clever quote.” Smart quote. Accessed May 22, 2014. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/malcolmx393537.html.