Bacterial biofilms now represent the dominant bacterial growth lifestyle in different habitats, including natural and clinical environments. Bacterial cells switch between free-living planktonic mode and biofilm growth mode, through multiple mechanisms that include adhesion to a substrate, increasing their aggregation into microcolonies and mature biofilms via matrix formation by secretion of polymeric substances extracellular. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get the original essay The growth pattern of biofilms is involved in chronic infections. An estimated 65-80% of human infections are caused by biofilms, which represent a huge burden on healthcare systems globally. PA is an opportunistic pathogen capable of colonizing a wide range of hosts and/or substrates and producing biofilms. PA biofilms found in cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic infections lead to premature death. Even with biofilms on medically relevant devices such as central venous and urinary catheters, stents, orthopedic prostheses, mechanical heart valves and contact lenses, these infections remain extremely difficult to treat with a massive impact on healthcare funding. health care. Planktonic PA cells present in biofilms demonstrated a slow growth rate that supported many therapeutic doses of antimicrobial agents due to significantly diminished antibiotic diffusion [15-16] and/or antimicrobial defenses. cell-mediated host. As a result, clinical management of these biofilm-harbored bacteria has become intractable. PA has played an important role in nosocomial infections, while pulmonary cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal disease. Conventional antibiotics and the host immune defense often fail to clear the pathogen from the lungs and increase chronic infections that are punctuated by acute exacerbations of disease and inflammation, usually leading to lung failure and high morbidity among patients. However, PA biofilm infections disappear. beyond CF diseases, particularly in diabetic patients. Because they are vulnerable to the development of chronic wounds, these wounds do not heal and biofilms associated with long-term infection cost the patient tens of thousands of dollars per year. Many times, mucoid PA phenotype leads to lung failure and high morbidity in patients. Besides elastase, extracellular DNA, lipids, extracellular polysaccharides and rhamnolipids, the polysaccharide alginate represents one of the most important virulence factors for mucoid phenotypes, where sputum culture of patients with Cystic fibrosis showed elevated amounts of alginate, reflecting massive production of antibodies against alginates, notably IgG and IgA classes. Additionally, antibiotic resistance has been attributed to alginate production. These characteristics make biofilm infections extremely difficult to treat, which is particularly problematic in hospital settings. Establishing an effective antibiofilm strategy represents one of the greatest challenges, as conventional antibiotics are no longer an effective choice for biofilm treatment, but increase the resistance of pathogens. Alginate has become an executive target for reducing chronic diseases by.