In popular discourse, globalization is often synonymous with internationalization, referring to the increasing interconnectivity and interdependence of people and institutions across the world. Although these terms have common elements, they have taken on technical meanings that distinguish them from each other and from common usage. Internationalization is the least theorized term. Globalization, in contrast, has come to denote the complexity of interconnectedness, and scholars have produced a vast body of literature to explain what appear to be inescapable global influences on local contexts and responses to those influences. Global influences affect aspects of daily life. For example, structural adjustment policies and international trade charters, such as those of the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), reduce barriers to trade, promote ostensibly employment and reduce the price of goods for consumers. across nations. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay Yet they are also shifting support from “old” industries to newer ones, creating upheaval and forcing some workers out of their jobs, and have sparked large and even violent protests in several countries. The spread of democracy is also part of globalization, allowing more people to access the political processes that affect their lives, but also, in many places, masking deeply rooted socio-economic inequalities as well. only policy areas over which very few individuals have power. voice. Even organized international terrorism fueled by Islamic fanaticism can be seen as an oppositional reaction – an effort at deglobalization – to the pervasiveness of Western capitalism and the secularism associated with globalization. The influences of globalization are multidimensional and have important social, economic and political implications. The mass diffusion of Western-oriented education and learning standards at all levels during the 20th century and the consequences of widely accessible schooling constitute an important part of the globalization process. Regarding the role of the school, globalization has become a major topic of study, particularly in the field of comparative education, which applies historiographical and social science theories and methods to international issues of education.Globalization TheoryGlobalization is both a process and a theory. Roland Robertson, with whom globalization theory is most closely associated, views globalization as an accelerated compression of the contemporary world and an intensification of awareness of the world as a singular entity. Compression makes the world a single place through the power of a globally distributed set of ideas that render the uniqueness of societal and ethnic identities and traditions irrelevant except in local contexts and in discourse scientist. The notion of a global community transformed into a global village, introduced in 1960 by Marshall McLuhan in an influential book on the newly shared experience of mass media, was probably the first expression of the contemporary concept of globalization. Although it entered the common lexicon in the 1960s, globalization has not been recognized as a significant conceptuntil the 1980s, when the complexity and multidimensional nature of the process began to be examined. Before the 1980s, studies of globalization focused on a stated tendency of societies to converge toward modernity, initially described by Clark Kerr and his colleagues as the emergence of industrial man. Although the theory of globalization is relatively new, the process is not. History witnesses many globalization trends involving grand alliances of nations and dynasties and the unification of previously sequestered territories under empires such as Rome, Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, but also events such as the widespread acceptance of germ theory and heliocentrism, the rise of transnational agencies concerned with regulation and communication, and an increasingly unified conceptualization of human rights. What distinguishes globalization in contemporary life is the broad scope and multidimensional character of interdependence, initially reflected in the controlled set of relationships between nation-states that emerged in the aftermath of the First World War. This is a process which, before the 1980s, was akin to modernization. , to modernization as a concept of linear progression from traditional to development to development – ​​or from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft as expressed by Ferdinand Toennies – forms of society became seen as too simplistic and one-dimensional to explain contemporary changes. Modernization theory has emphasized the functional importance of the Protestant ethic in the evolution of modern societies, influenced by objectively measured attributes like education, occupation, and wealth to stimulate a disciplined orientation toward work and political participation. The main difficulty of modernization theory was its focus on changes within societies or nations and on comparisons between them – with Western societies as the main points of reference – to the detriment of interdependence between them and, in fact, of their interdependence and the role played by non-Western countries in the development of the economy. West. Immanuel Wallerstein was one of the first and most influential scholars to show the weaknesses of modernization theory. He developed world system theory to explain how the world developed through an orderly pattern of relationships between societies, driven by a capitalist system of economic exchange. In contrast to the emphasis on linear development in modernization theory, Wallerstein demonstrated how rich and poor societies were locked into a global system, advancing their relative economic advantages and disadvantages which carried over into politics and culture . Although globalization theory is broader, more varied in its emphasis on the transnational diffusion of knowledge, and generally less deterministic with respect to the role of the economy, world system theory has played a crucial role in shaping its development. knowledge, the school occupies an important place in the process and theory of globalization. Early examples of educational globalization include the spread of world religions, particularly Islam and Christianity, as well as colonialism, which often disrupted and displaced indigenous forms of education throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries. centuries. Postcolonial and globalized influences on education have taken more subtle forms. In globalization, it is not just the links.