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Essay / Gender socialization and women in politics - 1881
In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared all acts of discrimination based on sex illegal. 31 years later, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by the General Assembly. CEDAW gave rise to an international document of the same name which advocates for the full integration of women in decision-making capacities. It also “focuses on civil rights, legal rights of women, reproductive roles and rights, the impact of cultural factors on gender relations and obstacles to the advancement of women (World Bank, 2012) . Additionally, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has identified the most widespread threats to global peace and security and set eight goals on how to eradicate them. These goals are called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In 2000, 189 Member States committed to “promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women” when they endorsed the UNDP MDGs. In 1963, thousands of women found voice and courage after reading Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique and the second wave struck. The depiction of educated housewives, imprisoned by the monotony of domestic servitude, struck many. One woman was quoted as saying: “Woman doesn't really expect much from life. She’s here as someone’s caretaker – her husband or her children” (Coontz, Stephanie). Friedan's work was grounded in liberal feminism, the theory that attributes gender differences and inequalities to the practice of socialization. During the same year, the Equal Pay Act was passed and required that men and women receive the same pay for the same work. Before the Equal Pay Act, men and women were confined to job roles based on gender norms. Women often stayed home with the middle of paper......me a long way, baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Sexism in 2008 Campaign Coverage.” Communication Studies. 2009. 60(4): 326-343. Carroll, Susan J. “Reflections on Gender and Hillary Clinton's Presidential Campaign: The Good, the Bad, and the Misogynistic.” » Politics and gender. 2009. 5(1): 1-20. Lawless, Jennifer L. and Fox, Richard L. “Men Rule: The Continuing Underrepresentation of Women in American Politics.” Institute of Women and Politics. 2012 Washington, DCOkimoto, Tyler G. and Brescoll, Victoria L. “The Price of Power: The Search for Power and Backlash Against Women Politicians.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2010. 36(7): 923-936. Heflick, N.A. and Goldenberg, J.L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be seen as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 598-601.