xiii). Since the 1960s, when Lowi wrote this text because he believed we were in a state of political crisis, interest groups have grown exponentially. This is due to the growth of broader economic developments and the growth and specific interests of citizens willing to play an active role in political processes. Interest group ideology has thrived on inadequate planning and overreach. Effective government requires formality and moral legitimacy. Lowi argues that as long as deep-pocketed interests do not expand to the point of exercising an unfairly disproportionate share of political capital, interest groups should be welcomed into American politics as a means by which the average citizen can benefit from a greater political effectiveness. Lowi points out that almost all areas of government activity currently have little relevance to the real-world conditions for which they were designed, and he calls for a return to an older government that had consequences and left us held responsible for the consequences of political decisions because the current system does nothing. to help those who need government support the most, those on welfare and participating in these programs. Instead, it is a power-grabbing pool of money, open to interest groups to seize it.,